Many countries around the globe are living in the vulnerability of climate change from the catastrophes of fire, floods, cyclones, droughts, and extreme cold or hot weather.

António Guterres, Secretary-General of the United Nations and former Portuguese Prime Minister, gave substance and emotion to what has emerged

Demographers had differing opinions on population growth in 2011, when the world finally reached 7 billion people. Some were negative due to factors such as lack of food, uneven spatial distribution, and social inequalities. Discussions about the environmental crisis then centered on slowing population growth.

Is Adaptation to Climate Change Possible? A rhetorical question which answer is obvious, indeed adaptation is possible. But it's possibility rely on the policy makers whom power is invested in, by  recognizing and  internalizing the severity of the climate change issue as a priority.

Climate change represents an urgent and potentially irreversible threat to human societies and the planet. In recognition of this, the overwhelming majority of countries around the globe adopted the Paris Agreement in December 2015,

Limiting global warming to well below 2, preferably to 1.5 degrees Celsius has been a goal since 12 December 2015, as enacted in the Paris agreement. It is considered a landmark in the multilateral climate change process because it brings all nations

We need to stop our planet and atmosphere from getting much warmer or changes to our climate will only get worse. You may have heard talk of 1.5ºC, but what does this mean? Scientists agree that global warming at 1.5ºC is the tipping point into uncertainty.

The Paris Agreement, adopted in 2015 during the Conference of Parties (COP) in Paris, France, represents a historic commitment by 196 nations to combat climate change, advance sustainable development, and eradicate poverty.

Dr. Kevin Trenberth, the Nobel laureate and distinguished scientist says “Some of the Human induced changes are occurring 100 times faster than they occur in nature and it worries me more than the climate change itself”.

The world has been experiencing an increase in the average global temperature of about 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels. Human activities are one of the main reasons that have led to the warming of the earth's climate over the past two centuries.

Discussions at COP27 are anticipated to center on the role of climate finance, adaptation and implementation. The highest-ranking entity for making decisions under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is the Conference of the Parties, or COP (UNFCCC). Every year for two weeks, this group of member nations, also known as Parties, gathers to discuss the global issue of climate change.

Let's look at a few of the Conference of Parties (COP) milestones thus far.

Signatory nations  met in Berlin in 1995 for the COP 1 and agreed to get together every year to keep global warming under control and recognize the need to cut back on damaging gas emissions.

COP3, Kyoto, 1997 -The Kyoto Protocol, which aims to lower greenhouse gas emissions in industrialized nations, was adopted at this meeting. Additionally, it laid the groundwork for the carbon market, which aims to reduce carbon emissions by establishing emission caps and allowing for the trading of emission units. By pledging industrialized nations and economies in transition to set and achieve individual carbon reduction targets, the Kyoto Protocol operationalizes the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. The Convention only requires such nations to develop mitigation-related policies and procedures and to report on a regular basis.

Bali, 2007, COP13 The Bali Roadmap, which covers all nations, was set to  replace the Kyoto Protocol. The Bali Roadmap establishes a schedule for talks on a replacement for the Kyoto Protocol that will involve all nations, not just industrialized ones.The Bali Action Plan, a new negotiation method intended to address climate change, is a component of the Bali Road Map. The Bali Action Plan is a thorough procedure that makes it possible to implement the Convention fully, effectively, and continuously through sustained joint action. The term "shared vision" refers to a long-term plan for combating climate change, which includes a long-term objective for reducing emissions.

Copenhagen 2009, COP15 The goal of limiting global warming to 2 oC is confirmed, and wealthier nations agree to provide developing nations with long-term financing. Richer nations also promise to provide $100 billion annually between 2020 and 2025 to finance underdeveloped countries on a long-term basis.

The Cancun Agreements, adopted at COP16 in 2010, formalize earlier commitments made in Copenhagen. Additionally, the Green Climate Fund was started. The Green Climate Fund (GCF), the largest climate fund in the world and a crucial component of the historic Paris Agreement, was established to assist developing nations in achieving their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) goals of adopting low-emission, climate-resilient pathways.

COP17, 2011; Durban. As part of a global effort to contain the detrimental consequences of anthropogenic climate change, COP 17 aimed to establish a firm set of commitments among participating nations to reduce country-level carbon emissions and to agree to the mechanisms that were required to accomplish carbon emission reductions. All nations, including the US, Brazil, China, India, and South Africa, agree to begin decreasing emissions. A global pact was unveiled and will take effect in 2020.

It is voted to prolong the Kyoto Protocol until 2020 during COP18 in Doha, Qatar, in 2012. The US, China, Russia, and Canada were among the nations that opposed the extension. The passage of a Kyoto Protocol amendment establishing a second round of enforceable greenhouse gas emission targets for Europe, Australia, and a select number of other industrialized countries was the conference's most important accomplishment.

For the first time all nations concur to establish and communicate their commitment to lowering greenhouse gas emissions at COP20 in Lima, 2014.

The Paris Agreement, which was enacted at COP21 in 2015, aimed to reduce global temperature increases to 1.5 degrees Celsius and below.

COP 22, Marrakech 2016: Three documents were produced at this year's COP, which coincided with the entry into force of the Paris Agreement. The Marrakesh Action Proclamation, which was issued in the midst of a White House transition, was the first. The Marrakesh Partnership, a new decision-making organization for the Paris Agreement made up of the group of nations that have ratified and signed the Paris Agreement, came in second to strengthen climate cooperation before 2020, while the first meeting of the CMA came in third.

COP23, Bonn, 2017: With the goal of finalizing the Paris Agreement in 2018, progress was made at this Climate Summit on the Paris Rulebook, which describes how the Paris Agreement would operate in practice. Additionally, in order to help countries accomplish the goals of the Agreement, facilitative dialogues, also referred to as the Talanoa Dialogue, were developed. To encourage local and indigenous groups' engagement and communication, the Talanoa Dialogue Platform was established. To ensure women's participation in climate change decision-making, a Gender Action Plan was adopted.

A little more than two months before the COP24 summit in Katowice, Poland, the IPCC released a study evaluating the effects of a 1.5°C global temperature increase. This research helped to focus discussion on the need for more urgency in cutting polluting emissions. Even though this was mentioned, it was not regarded in the writings as a directive for action. The Talanoa Dialogue came to an end, and the next stage was to examine the 2020 climate plans in order to bring them into line with the predetermined goal of reducing global warming. Finally, one of the negotiation's most crucial articles, Article 6, which permits the creation of carbon markets, remains unresolved.

COP27 is taking place in Africa, it is anticipated that discussions will center on the role of climate finance, adaptation ambition, and implementation, as well as how to deal with what negotiators refer to as "loss and damage." Loss and damage relate to the effects of the climate catastrophe that are more than what people can cope with or when there are solutions available but a community lacks the resources to take advantage of them. Examples include hurricane damage, drought damage, or long-term harm from increasing sea levels or river drying.

The conference of parties has decided on certain crucial climate change issues. Although it is challenging to persuade all nations to agree on a certain course of action, the conference of parties has managed to do so on a few instances, which will be to our mutual advantage.

Globally, climate change is relentlessly casting its shadows. Defined as large shifts in temperature (ᴼC) and weather patterns, it affects negatively, both the global and regional ecosystems.